Essay on Wonder Woman

Her mission is to bring love, peace, and sexual equality to a world torn by the hatred of men. The heroine Princess Diana of Themyscira, more famously known as Wonder Woman, has gone through various reimagining and different retellings in both media and comic books. But all of these have the same basic origin. She was born and lived the majority of her life on the isolated paradise island of Themyscira, an island inhabited entirely of Amazonian women.Everything changed one day when pilot, Captain Steve Trevor crashed on the mysterious island. Soon after he crashed, as he was being held and treated on the island, Queen Hippilyta held a tournament to decide who would have the honor of escorting Captain Trevor back to the United States. Against her mother’s wishes, Princess Diana participated in said tournament and won. At this point the narrative diverges depending on its retelling.In the 1975 pilot, set in World War II, named, The New Original Wonder Woman directed by Leonard H orn, Wonder Woman fights Nazis during the World War II era soon after leaving the island. In the 2009 animated movie, Wonder Woman, directed by Lauren Montgomery, Wonder Woman fights to stop the reign of the Greek god of war, Ares and his army of undead Amazons. Wonder Woman has always been widely considered as a feminist icon, thus these movies are supposed to reflect such a message. Thus each movie shows how the times and sexual equality has changed over the years.These can be shown by the relationship between Princess Diana and Steve Trevor in which one movie portrays them fighting on equal footing against a common threat much like co-workers and the other not so much which is apparent in a multitude of fighting scenes; Wonder Woman’s behavior and personality through both movies but mostly with her passive behavior in one fight scene in the 1975 pilot and her aggressive behavior in the 2009 animated movie; and Steve Trevor’s difference in behavior and personality bu t mostly toward women and is most apparent in the 2009’s hospital scene.In the 1975 pilot episode, The New Original Wonder Woman, the relationship between Steve Trevor and Princess Diana seems to be focus on the fact that Wonder Woman is more so smitten and dependent on Trevor in order to be happy. This can be clearly seen when she pretty much stalks him, after his safe return to the U. S. , by disguising herself as his nurse while he’s recuperating and at the end where she disguises herself as his personal assistant, Diana Prince.This acts as a contrast to the 2009 DC animated movie, Wonder Woman where Steve Trevor is smitten by her but instead of being dependent on her, he acts as her sidekick, as they fight Ares as equals, but usually Wonder Woman showing her superior strength and fighting skills. This further shown when they are about to first encounter Ares and thus have to infiltrate a military base. They violently take down the soldiers silently but cooperativel y, Steve with his combat knife and Wonder Woman with her boomerang like tiara.Princess Diana of Themyscira is portrayed very differently in both adaptations of the same character. In the 1975 adaptation, Wonder Woman was rarely allowed to engage in hand-to-hand combat, instead relying on simply throwing bad guys around. But in the 2009 animated movie it embraces the fact that she is a skilled warrior and not only can she throw punches but more surprisingly allowed to receive them too. In the 2009 adaptation of the super heroine, she is a strong, smart, aggressive independent woman who needed no man.For example in the 2009 animated movie, when Princess Diana and Steve Trevor are about to get mugged in a dark alley, the muggers say that if they do what they say, no one will get hurt; and she replies with, â€Å"Maybe I want someone to get hurt. † But in contrast, the 1975 Wonder Woman was a soft-hearted, kind, naive, passive young woman who needed a man in order to take action. For example in the 1975 pilot, when Diana quit her circus job and is subdues her ex-boss after he tries to pull a firearm on her, she claims that she was taught to avoid conflict and did not like fighting or hurting others.In the 2009 movie she is not in need of a man or in love with Steve Trevor right off the bat, but instead he earns her love by proving himself by helping in the hunt down Ares. She also does not stalk him like the 1975 counter-part but instead it’s him following her around but instead of stalking her, helping her; and in the end she is not in disguise from him as his assistant but instead in disguise from everyone else but as a friend, or possibly his girlfriend because it is never clearly explained. Captain Steve Trevor’s 2009 character differs vastly in comparison to his 1975 counter-part.In the 1975 adaptation he was merely a flat characterized damsel in distress who tried to act as a symbol of the American ideal. But in the 2009 animated movie h e was more fleshed out and given more characterization and more of a major role in the plot. The 2009 version of Trevor was a witty, brave, and a symbol of sexual equality. Also Steve Trevor in this movie more so acted as Wonder Woman’s sidekick in the fact that many of the times in which there was action they both worked cooperatively to defeat any threat.In the 1975 movie, Steve Trevor never or rarely ever talked about sexual equality while Wonder Woman talked more so like a feminist extremist. But in the 2009 animated movie, after Wonder Woman keeps talking down about men and claiming Steve Trevor was a sexist, he had enough and expressed his mind more than his 1975 counter-part. In the scene, Wonder Woman wakes up in a hospital bed after their first encounter with Aries.Then she starts berating him on the fact that he didn’t stop Aries and that he merely saved her because she was a woman and if she were a man he would have acted differently. This causes Steve Trevo r to have enough of her ranting about men and himself, and thus he goes and pretty much sums up the theme of the whole movie. The outraged Trevor tells her, â€Å"Cutting yourselves off from the outside world was cowardly! Not to mention STUPID! [Yeah] like less communication between men and women is what the world needed.And I didn’t save you because I thought you were some damsel in distress. I saved you because†¦because I care about you, Diana. And I’m not going to abandon a friend in need. Man or woman. † This quote says a lot about Trevor in that the viewer’s view of him prior to this moment, being a womanizer, was not in fact his actual personality and that there was more depth to this man than meets the eye. This also expresses the change toward sexual equality we have strived for through the years since the time of the 1975 pilot.Both movies featured Wonder Woman as a symbol of feminism and sexual equality. But both movies were vastly differe nt in their take on the heroic icon, due to the time period they were conceived. Movies like these tend to come off as either overly preachy or decide to blame all the world’s ills on man. In the 1975 adaptation it tried to portray her as the heroine that was in the comic books, but in the movie they were successful in that feat but only in describing her background but was unable to show her tough-as-nails  personality due to restrictions during the time period; and due to this, showing Wonder Woman acting as a contradiction in which she is in love with a man right off the bat, but is sexist against men and think women are more superior.But in the 2009 animated movie they were able to take a more balanced view. Steve unlike his 1975 counter-part had a more active role and was a more rounded, fleshed out character that was witty and quirky but also loyal and brave.The faults of men are shown in ample detail, as well as the faults of women were shown equally as examples such as Etta Candy’s overall flirtatious uselessness and Persephone’s final words of admonishment to Hippolyte. Both genders are represented as flawed and both movies themes are expressed through the 2009 Steve Trevor’s speech to Diana. In the end of it all, the world needs more understanding and congregation between men and women rather than isolation and distrust. In both media and literature, Wonder Woman will always be that icon of feminism and sexual equality.

Why is it important to understand the boundary conditions of any information systems project?

Before data may be automated, it must be evaluated for completeness. Examine the data tables that Kudler Fine Foods maintains for inventory. Resources: Kudler Fine Foods Virtual Organization, sample pivot table, andMicrosoft ® Excel Pivot Table tutorial Review the sample pivot table, available on the student Web site for this course, and the Microsoft ® Excel Pivot Table tutorial, available at http://office. microsoft. com/training/training. aspx? AssetID=RC010136191033 Access the Inventory Reports data table in the Kudler Fine Foods Virtual Organization intranet site, located under the Finance and Accounting tab.The table description is located under the Information Technology tab. Prepare a brief of no more than 750 words for Kudler Fine Foods management in which you address the following: Evaluate the design elements of the data tables from an accounting perspective. Create an entity relationship diagram illustrating the existing data tables. Recommend improvements to the data tables. Create a pivot table in Microsoft ® Excel using the general ledger inventory data located on the Kudler Fine Foods intranet. Explain how the information in thepivot table may improve decision making for management at Kudler Fine Foods; include an example from the data.Discuss this week's objectives with your team. Your discussion should include the topics you feel comfortable with, any topics you struggled with, and how the weekly topics relate to application in your field. Prepare a 350- to 1,050-word paper detailing the findings of your discussion. This week’s objectives focuses are on technical skill building with databases and its importance to AISs. Emphasis is placed on the basic concepts, organizing, manipulating, managing data, and finally the construction of database forms and reports using Microsoft Access.The most enlightening aspect of this week’s discussion topic is the importance of data records to a company. Databases can be one of the most im portant structures of a company and often times are irreplaceable. Valuable and sensitive information about a company’s economic and business events is stored in a database management system. The privacy of this information should be guarded at all times against unauthorized access, data loss, and inexperience users. Database records are maintained in a database management system by a database administrator.In order to keep track of data information, a data dictionary is used to document database records. A data dictionary is a â€Å"database that describes the data fields in each database record† (Bagranoff, 2008, p. 413). The data dictionary tracks assigned passwords, restricted users, field names, field size, data field type, etc. Without database oversight, a company’s livelihood is at stake. Bagranoff, N. A. (2008). Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Any topic you think is good for my paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Any topic you think is good for my paper - Essay Example I posit that natural-supernatural distinction exists in all cultures. All religions including Christians, Muslims, and Buddhists among others believe in a supreme being, which they call God. It is simple to see that cultures attach more power in supernatural. They believe that the natural comes and is influenced by the supernatural. Therefore, they have a clear distinction between natural and supernatural. In addition, all cultures around the world have their own supernatural beliefs. It is hard to find a culture that does not have cultural beliefs, which are based on supernatural beings. However, it is important to note that different cultures have different ways in which they express their supernatural beliefs. In my opinion, natural-supernatural distinction exists in all cultures. The only difference is that different cultures have different ways in which they relate with natural and the supernatural. In addition, natural-supernatural distinction is relative. This is because what may appear as supernatural to one culture may not be supernatural to another culture. However, natural-supernatural distinction does indeed exist in all

Computer Sciences and Information Technology Essay - 4

Computer Sciences and Information Technology - Essay Example They also expound how the finale of the Cold War blinded the country to the need to tackle these issues critically, and how China’s instructive successes, industrial supremacy, and technological aptitude make America reminisce the ways in which that used to be America at one point. They also explicate how the paralysis of America’s political structure and the attrition of fundamental American principles made it impractical for the nation to execute the policies. These are policies that the nation urgently requires. This is a volume that delves into the significant quandaries impacting America (Friedman and Mandelbaum, p.3). The significant quandaries outlined in the volume adversely confront the American nation, and hence; illuminate on the need to educate the labour force. This is crucial in this epoch of rapid globalization and drastic advancements in information technology. Additionally, there is also necessity to conquer the war on mathematics which has continuously led the nation’s uncontrolled cut on revenues and ignore the influence of deficits and the escalating debt burden. The warfare on physics has also resulted in the widespread rebuff of the realities of the energy plan and climate change strategies. There is also the political stalemate that is as a consequence of money in political affairs. In addition, there is the nation’s failure to invest in fundamental scientific research. Furthermore, this is a consequence of failure to address crucial infrastructure and to execute and sustain sound legislation of the markets. This consequently adds onto the quandary of globalization (Friedman and Mandelbaum, p. 183). The importance of globalization is the unrestricted movement of individuals, items and services. This idea disseminated from the U.S. to other nations. The nation enjoyed tremendous economic advancement. However, the country did not cater for the impacts of this globalization. With regard to globalization and techno logical advancement, jobs and individuals’ careers have been polarized. This polarization has resulted into eradication of habitual, middle skill jobs retaining high skill careers only which demand extensive education and numerous low salary jobs. These jobs, however, cannot be computerized. Nonetheless, the authors do not envisage the probable dramatic advancement of technology in the approaching decades (Friedman and Mandelbaum, p. 10). The two authors, however, profoundly believe that the revitalization of American prominence is achievable and possible. They explain how, America’s account, when correctly comprehended, provides a five-part procedure for prosperity that will enhance America to cope effectively with the present issues. They provide vibrant profiles of persons who have not lost hope on the American habits of gallant thought and remarkable action. They recommend a lucid way out of the predicament into which the American nation has fallen. This process al so comprises the rediscovery of some of the nation’s crucial principles and customs. Additionally, they foster the initiation of a novel, third party revolution to spur the nation. This volume is both an incisive exploration of the American situation today and a stimulating program for American revitalization. The volume commences by contrasting a six-month project to repair two escalators at New Jersey train depot with an eight months operation in China.

Malnutrition Universal Screening tool (MUST) assessment tool Essay

Malnutrition Universal Screening tool (MUST) assessment tool - Essay Example The screening tool should be simple, quick to use, valid, reliable and acceptable to both patient and the nurse. It should be convenient for use in all types of settings and for all types of patients. MUST was developed in Britain with these aims (Gibney et al, 2005). It was developed by the Malnutrition Advisory group, a multidisciplinary group of British Association for parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (BAPEN, 2008), in 2000. It is recommended by British dietetic Association, The Royal College of Nursing, The registered nursing homes Association and The Royal college of Physician (England). It is an evidence based tool designed to detect malnutrition and obesity but not vitamin and mineral deficiency. MUST is developed for use in all adults including elderly, sick or healthy , hospital wards, outpatient clinics, general practice , community settings and public health (Thomas et al, 2007; Morrison et al 2007). A number of studies were conducted in these settings. Agreement was >95% in all studies prior to recommending the tool in practice, according to BAPEN (2008) MUST meets all the key requirements of a good tool. The tool is developed by experts in the field and validated by subsequent research. It is easy, quick and reliable besides recommended by recognized professional bodies. The tool has incorporated three elements viz. BMI, unintentional weight loss and acute disease effect to minimise error occurring from single element measurement. The present article is intends to discuss reliability and validity of the tool in light of controversial views about the BMI and other factors as indicator of nutritional status. MUST is a five-step screening tool to identify adults who are malnourished, at risk of malnutrition (undernutrition), or obese. MUST is designed to detect protein-energy malnutrition. Three parameters are used: current weight status

Discussion Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Questions - Assignment Example If I were to create a code of conduct I would include ethical consideration such as honesty, professionalism, and cooperation. These three traits are essential in any negotiation process. I believe that in theory gender is not suppose to play any type of role in a negotiation process. The fact that the people involved are of different gender is not suppose to matter at all. Of course cultural relativism must be considered when dealing in international negotiations. For example when dealing with parties from countries such as many middle east countries were women do not have the same privileges as men it would not be wise for an American company to send a team of women to negotiate with a group of Arab businessmen who would be bias and would not respect the women. I do not think one gender is better than another, but it is reality that men have had more experience than women over the years due to the injustices of the past which implies that there are more men with the skills and abilities necessaries to succeed at the negotiating

Letter of Interest Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter of Interest - Assignment Example the future and I made sure to continue my training in that field by completing short term computer studies in Website Design and training in the use of DHTML. I also possess Certificates of Completion in C+, Visual Basic, and Perl Software, computer languages which are the basis of all the current modern day computer software. I was blessed to have grown up in an era when the game consoles were but a developing segment of entertainment. It is my opinion that only someone like me, who has been using the previous incarnations of the game consoles, who can best understand the problems of the clients and help them solve it without getting too technical with them. The re-training that will come with this possible promotion and transfer is something that I am willing to undergo in the name of career development. I am not afraid of this challenge and I am looking forward to eventually completing the training program and being able to help our clients in what will be a new line of work and field of career development for me. I have attached the documents that I feel are pertinent to my application for your consideration. As you can see, my interest in the position is more than just a passing fancy. That is why I have made myself available to further discuss my application at your convenience. Thank

Challenges HR Specialist May Face Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Challenges HR Specialist May Face - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that years ago, the primary focus of a Human Resources Management (HRM) was to foster a sense of leadership, loyalty, and vision for the organization in question.   Although these core fundamentals are still a primary focus of HRM to this day, the fact of the matter is that an evolution has taken place in the way that organizations engage their HRM to differentiate and hone their advantages.   For instance, as opposed to previously, HRM currently has a high level of focus upon the social aspects of creating a positive environment, administering to the needs of the individual, and seeking to refine and hone the goals of the individual as well as that of the organization to achieve a greater degree of synergy and symbiosis. Accordingly, there has been much debate about the relationship between Human Resources (HR) practices and organizational performance. Hiltrop concluded that there existed links between HR practice to organizational per formance although the evidence was weak. Other authors have made contributions to the body of knowledge by attempting to explain the nature of this relationship. For example, Becker and Huselid proposed a causal model that suggested that HR practice impacts on employee behavior while Wright and Snell posited that HR practice impacted employee skills and behaviors. However, common to all the models proposed by the various authors, is a linearity in the relationships, for example, the model of HR and firm performance proposed by Becker. Conversely, Wright and Gardner suggested â€Å"reverse causation† which suggests that as organizations perform better, they invest more in their HR practices. Their argument seems to suggest that performance may not necessarily be driven by HR practice but is nevertheless linked to it. The same authors also proposed the â€Å"implicit theory† hypothesis which suggests that the observed relationship between HR practices and the organizatio n’s performance stems not from any true relationship but rather from the implicit theories of organizational survey respondents, i.e. to say it is due to subject bias and not true relationships.

Attitudes to Language Essay Example for Free

Attitudes to Language Essay Language clearly plays a major role in all aspects of society. The most obvious is its social role of allowing people to relate to each other in all facets of their lives: to share information, emotions and ways of life. We use language as a means of navigating our daily lives and it plays an integral role in most of our interactions. Perhaps for this reason, French is regarded as an elegant and romantic language, while German is considered to be guttural. Additionally, ever since mankind evolved into different language communities, it is commonplace for people to adopt various attitudes towards the language(s) spoken by others, as well as towards the dialects of the language they speak. These attitudes are motivated by different factors, including pride in or shame regarding one’s own language, confidence or embarrassment about how one sounds, nationalism and a sense of personal dignity, one’s status and values as well as the prestige some languages are given in international interactions. A well known attitude is the desire for foreign speech patterns; another is the rejection of certain dialects. People form impressions of your personality, emotional state, geographic origin, education, experiences, age or socioeconomic status from the language you use and the way you use it. We often witness the amusement of an audience when someone speaks in the creole, for not only does the system of sound evoke laughter, but the assumption that the speaker is an uneducated serf is then made. Ridicule and contempt for the vernacular, creoles and dialects are common responses from some members of society, even within the Caribbean society, where dialects are rich, strong and the first language. Dialects develop under various circumstances as well as geographical locations and are varieties of languages. A creole could be a dialect within a language. Because of our history, people of the region tend to place a high premium on the standard languages (the language of power and economic might). Many  people believe that upward mobility is largely dependent on one’s ability to fit in with the predominant socioeconomic class, and language is the main signifier of this fit. Many Caribbean writers have described scenarios of people who went overseas, were generally expected to return with a new command of the target language and often demonstrated their new found ‘status’ by emphasizing their foreign accent of ‘twang’. While some might be impress ed by the ‘twang’, others view such pretensions with derision. Attitudes to language may vary from one sector of the society to another and some people demonstrate self-conscious behavior when speaking the standard language. This is largely a result of the fact that in most societies one is often judged on the basis of the variety of language that one speaks. This is even more prevalent in societies with a colonial legacy, like the Caribbean, where certain dialects are associated with the institution of slavery or conquest. Increasingly, educators are becoming aware that a person’s native language is an integral part of who that person is and marginalizing the language can have severe damaging effects on that person’s psyche. Many linguists consistently make a case for teaching native languages alongside the target languages so that children can clearly differentiate among the codes ( a term used synonymously with language or dialect but generally refers to a linguistic system of communication. A code can also be non-linguistic such as a dress code or code of conduct) and hence be less likely to mix the two. This approach has been adopted in Haiti, where schools teach both Standard French and French Creole (Haitian) and children are expected to be fluent in both. Additional prominence has been given to Caribbean Creoles with the publication of Creole dictionaries and with the translation of the New Testament from the Christian Bible into French Creole in St. Lucia. A similar project is under way in Jamaica. While attitudes to local dialects have been slowly changing, many people still associate the use of Creole with negative images and believe that its use should be relegated to specific circumstances and occasions. However, the fact that non-standard language varieties are the most widely spoken in the Caribbean makes them the choice of persons trying to get information to large sections of the society. For example, many advertisers use the Creole language to ensure that their message appeals to most people. At the same time, because of the prestige attached to the standard language, it tends to be the language of choice on formal occasions, like church services. A language variety is usually chosen because of its perceived social functions. You may have noticed that, the more formal the occasion, the more likely the use of the standard language, while for everyday interaction, popular music or emotional appeals, people tend to gravitate towards the non-standard varieties. You would have noticed that, even in a formal situation, non-standard dialect might be used for anecdotes, to inject humour or in a quotation. In the Caribbean, people switching from one code of language to another, often without thinking. However, there are times when the use of standard langue would seem totally out of place and would even interfere with semantics. For example, folk stories, folk songs and proverbs seem to lose a certain essence when translated into standard. The role of language as a vehicle for sharing culture is indisputable. Caribbean writers, singers and oral poets have played a major part in fostering acceptance of the Creole languages of the region, by incorporating them into their work and exposing them to the world. Nonetheless, negative attitudes to these languages persist in the minds of many.

Jack Neo Essay Example for Free

Jack Neo Essay A very well-known filmmaker, Jack Neo is a commonly identified name that all Singaporeans will be able to relate to. Besides the 13 films that he has directed and some which he acted in, most Singaporeans will remember him deeply for his comedic cross-dressing role as Liang Po Po and Liang Xi Mei. His productions have certainly managed to capture the hearts of most Singaporeans as they are able to relate with his movies. He is arguably the most successful filmmaker in terms of box office earnings with â€Å"I Not Stupid† earning S. 8million, â€Å"I Not Stupid 2† earning S$4.6million and â€Å"Money No Enough† earning S$5.8million. Beyond earnings, he placed Singapore on the world map by clinching 6 international film awards for â€Å"Homerun† including Best Director at the Montreal Film Festival. The film also led to the Golden Horse Award being awarded to the first Singaporean, Megan Zhang, for Best New Performer. Adding to his tally are the Public Service Medal Award in 2004 and the Arts Cultural Medallion Award in 2005. His influence and achievements in the film industry in Singapore is undeniable and it is probably the most tangible and easily recognizable one. Neo’s films have certain characteristics that audiences can often expect even without reading spoilers. On top of all the laughs and drama, there are usually a couple of hidden messages within the plot. These messages tend be critiques of the government policies. In â€Å"Money No Enough†, Keong who was a mandarin speaking local worker who perhaps was more deserving of a promotion got overlooked because of a new colleague who received overseas education and spoke English. This is an attempt by Neo to stab at the government’s policy of attracting foreign talents who are given preferential treatment. This is shown by the film where Keong, who is more industrious and sincere in the corporate society, was trumped by foreigners. This greatly reflects the struggles of the Chinese-speaking majority in Singapore who feel the sacrifices of the growth and globalization of Singapore. In â€Å"I Not Stupid†, Liu told his son to study hard so that he can be employed in the civil sector where he can earn high wages in the future. His wife then adds ‘Better still, be a minister’. This is a message that might be hard to catch for foreigners but hints at many Singap orean’s sentiments that the ministers are being overpaid. Hard-earned wages are used to supplement the wages of these ministers. Another instance is in the way that Neo portrays the EM3 students in â€Å"I Not Stupid†. The streaming since young by the Singapore education system has often been criticized to be promoting academic elitism where students in lower streams are seen as inferior, and often condemned to a much harder path towards success in society. Neo’s movies are also characterized by the very easily relatable characters that will often coincide with a large number of the population. Every audience would have experienced or know of someone close who experienced something similar. As Neo said, ‘As a director, I like real. Everything in my movie is real’. He could claim that the films were based on true stories and the audience would have bought it. His films are generally family oriented where the male actors reflect the lives of many male white and blue collared Singaporeans, working hard in a harsh society with many obstacles in the way to provide for their family in material terms. The ability to strike a chord with his audiences, many who followed his antics on previous television appearances is a major reason that Neo’s films have been so popular. Love is also a very big part of the films that Neo has made. Parent’s love, sibling’s love and friendship are a large part of his movies where love drives the characters’ actions. For example in â€Å"I Not Stupid†, Kok Pin wanted to commit suicide because he felt unloved whenever his mum caned him. However it was because of love that his mum did it because she wanted him to succeed in society. This in itself sent a message to the audience that the way they loved their children might not be well-received and will often be misinterpreted. The scene encourages parents to communicate more with their children to avoid something similar from happening. In â€Å"Homerun†, it was the brother’s love that led Kiat Kun in a wild goose chase to retrieve his sister’s shoes, and friendship that led to Beng Soon giving new pairs of shoes to Kiat Kun and Seow Fang. Neo’s films also feature a lot of Singlish and Hokkien lines which is one of the most significant part about being a Singaporean. Despite the government’s continuous efforts to drive out Singlish and dialects, Neo embraced it and made them an essential part of his film. The presence of hokkien was also in contrary to what the government was trying to achieve as a ban was carried out on dialect radio and television broadcasts since the 1970s. Singaporeans could easily relate to the Singlish and the dialects in the show and hence propelling it to greater popularity. Neo has so far used a formula of failure, self-realization and success for his films and this might not be realistic in fact. His films however serve as a form of motivation for the struggling Singaporeans who identifies with his films. The happy endings that Neo has been known to produce will give any person the necessary push required to try harder and be rewarded in the end. His recent appearances have been more muted following his scandal in 2010 as he waits for the scandal to be forgotten. The most recent film â€Å"We Not Naughty† has been disappointing compared to the successes of the first few due to the very predictable storyline that gets boring eventually. It is yet to be seen if he will be able to create another success story for himself in the near future. [ 1 ]. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0626090/#Director [ 2 ]. http://www.jteam.com.sg/aboutus/jackneo.asp [ 3 ]. http://www.sinema.sg/2008/07/14/sinema-screens-jack-neos-first-films/ [ 4 ]. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,221199,00.html [ 5 ]. http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla65/65cc-e.htm

The Psychometric Approach To Child Development Psychology Essay

The Psychometric Approach To Child Development Psychology Essay The psychometric approach is defines as the tradition research to standardized the development test of intelligent. Some of the experts agreed and defines that psychometric approach, triachic theory, multiple intelligence view and processing approach. In the recent advance defines intelligence, is the componential analyses is the test for the childrens test thats in between aspects of intelligence test and the information processing. The IQ test is the main component of the approach from the element on attention, memory and the reasoning strategies. Charles Spearman (1927) had a theory of intelligence which two factors, general intelligence called g, that is the ability in mostly of the intellectual task. The specific intelligence is the second factor which to difference abilities to people have in different activities. For example, some children are good in reading (verbal) and some of them might be good in mathematical reasoning and other like logical thinking and others. Raymond B. Cattell (1971, 1987) and John Horn have proposed two factors, fluid ability is the use of brain actively to solve problem. For example, the child will learn to use the ability to solve verbal analogies and the skills for relationship of the stimuli. The crystallized ability is the knowledge through schooling and experiences from social custom. For example, the children will gain their knowledge from going to school such as the general test information What is the temperature for boil water, then numerical abilities What is 206=? is measured by crystallized intelligence. John Carroll (1993), by using the three-stratum theory of intelligence, such as g, is based on the cognitive abilities. For example, likes spelling ability, spatial scanning, and simple reaction time of the child. The second is broad stratum is the basic of biological components in fluid and crystallized intelligence, learning and memory. The third is narrow stratum which is specific behavior of the people based on the second broad stratum. For example, the child reaction time to the decision for process or speed. Louis Thurstone (1938) had analyzed of the college student test scores, that the important of g (Spearmens Theory). Thurstone had broken Spearmens theory and called primary mental abilities, perceptual speed, numerical reasoning, spatial ability, verbal meaning, memory, and inductive reasoning. For example, when the rain have stop there will be rainbow and lastly the sun will shine again. (From the observation) Robert Sternberg (1985), have developed the information processing theory that is in contrast of the cognitive approach of psychometric approach. Sternbergs Triarchic Theory According to Sternbergs, he believe that the complete theory of intelligence combines of dealing the adapt and changes in nature and nurture the main factors of intelligence from the triacrhical theory of intelligence such as: i) analytics intelligence or componential subtheory, the skills of focus on analyze problem, information-processing and create more solution. Is the component for intelligence acts of applying the strategies, knowledge acquisition, metacognitive and performance. This method is only useful on mental tests which only useful in some potential ways that will different result in the narrow view from the intellectual behavior of the children. In the research the components is showing that human intelligence in children is faster in the information processing by the age. Is the encoding component of the children will decrease in time with age and later increased. For example, a doctor is to (a) patients (b) medicine (c) nurse. From this the children will visualize the step or process of the doctor and to the patients. Knowledge acquisition component is from the process to store and gain used information and for the metacognitive is to control the performance to structure and set up the problem together. For the performance component is the process of the stimuli the perceiving of holding the information such as comparing values, short-term memory, to recall material from long-term memory, total calculating and to differences as well. For the metacognitive is to solving and values for the cause of use in the performance component, needs of the result to known and to evaluate the solution too. For example, when the children (4 years old) at pre-school, the teacher will teach them to plan and they start to write on the piece of paper. (Metacomponents), writing on the paper (performance components) and new things is learned when writing. (knowledge-acquisition components). ii) creative intelligence or experiental subtheory, the ability of action in solving problem. In this theory the success is not depends on the familiar information but from the new problems is by useful solution. This experience role had split in to two categories which is automation and the novelty. The automation which is the process of task that can be completed in several or many times before and is easy to complete by the individual. On the other side of the novel, the task is more difficult and had never encounter before by the people that will find hard to manage the test. The novelty is from the child or people that think creatively with more skillfully than others. When the new task given, they will act actively and the information processing is conscious to respond to it by automatic way or to increase the information-processing in efficiency practice. From this aspect they will quickly moving to high-level performance and for all of us. We will able to think creatively and only few of us able to excel by having the novel solution. According to Sternberg, the familiar of the task, it is crucial for a person to understand before the assessing the behavior of that persons. For example, a test for two group of different culture group of intelligence test. In the testing process the items that are familiar to one of the group and the novel to introduces the culture and is bias to the testing process and is unfair for the other groups assessment that regards of abilities. iii) practical intelligence or contextual subtheory, the application of the understanding skills in what will actually work or is a goal-oriented of the purpose in adapting to, shaping or selecting environments. For intelligence people is adapt with their thinking to adapt the skills to fit in the desire and demands to the better environments. If they cant adapt to the environments they will try to change or shape according to their needs. They will go to a new environment to adapt the success of behavior in new context. This practical intelligence is not a culture free that remind to us in this intelligence behaviors. For some children, because of the background they needed success in the intelligence tests and that will easy for them to adapt to the tasks and testing condition. In the daily life the child often show sophisticated abilities. For example, the children will be interested in stories telling, or some artistic activities such as dancing, drawing or art and to interact with skillfully people like playing golf, riding house and others. According to Sternberg, the underlying of the traditional IQ test is ignoring the produce of intelligence of how people answer to the theories of intelligence the number of answer for the full picture of intelligence is not only includes the right answer from the people but the efficiency of the process in use. In the information-process, the reflection of the behavior will effect on the respond to novelty or automation process in the people or child. From the triarchic model able to carry out the efficiently and effectively to solve the novel and adapt to their environment such as from different context like age, culture, historical background. (Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider:Pg250) It is also called as theory of successful intelligence to the abilities of people to be need to success in life which based on their own sociocultural context include of analytical, creative and practical intelligence. The ability of the intelligence is not only for do well in school, is measure by the traditional intelligence test for the ability in throughout the life. The success of the smart people is to maximize their strength and to reduce the weakness in them. The environment is selected by their abilities to modify or to extend it, the environment to suit their own profile. The intelligence is still tested widely until now and does not affect the intelligence from the sophisticated view. (Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider:241) Sternberg had tested on the validity of the triarchic theory with his collaborators that had gave children from Finland, Spain, Russia, and United Stated for a thousand of test item tap of analytics, creative and practical skills. It was repeated indicated in analyzes is clearly indicated the three factor of the intelligence. It was complexity of the triarchic theory in the intelligence test of the intelligence behavior and limitation of the test. According to Sternberg (ET al.2000), the vital to success in life, is through the form of intelligence by the help of cultural thats comes from the behavior as intelligence. From the researcher, the parent cognitive trait is the first grade as describe by the Caucasian Americans. The noncognitive capacities is the minorities such as motivation, self-management and social-skills is by the Cambodian, Filipino, Vietnamese and Mexican immigrant. According by Sternberg, some of the children intelligence strength and can overlook easily test by mentally through the estimation especially in the minorities. ( Luara E.Berk:Pg323) The triarchic theory of intelligence from Sternbergs, is clearly show that a useful way to understand human intelligence and is included the important aspect thats different from the other psychometric approach. The process is focus on human experience which is important and interaction between the surrounding and environment of the human. 2) Language is consists of sound, meaning, and the structure that well be using in our daily. The flexible communication system is the combining thats known as language details. Language is having four parts of component which is:- Phonology , are the system of the sound from language and the combining of rules to produce a meaningful speech sound. Semantics is the meaning from the sentence and words that expressed Grammars in to two parts :- Syntax is the combines of words in arranging the sentence to meaningful sentences. Morphology, different grammatical expression of the children to forming words in to meaning. (e.g number, case, person, active, or passive voice) Pragmatics The principles for engage the effective and appropriate social contexts or communication. The theory of the language development is the have three basic explanation as following, Behaviourist perspective, is through observing from the nurture or environment. Nativist perspective, is from the nature or inherited from the genes Interactionist perspective, between the nature and the nurture is the focus interaction. Phonological Development Is the process that depends on the produce sound, sound sequences and the ability of the child to combine and understand the phases and words. The child will try to talk to people around them to be produce speech like adult. For example, Coco for Coconut or ( Menn and Stoel-Gammon 2009) The early phase The child will start by easies sound of consonant-vowel and repeated syllables words such as Mama, Dada and etc. There is a phonological limitation in the child as they refer to the parent in the first word. As the child looked on the object for longer, they would pronounce the words correctly, if they not focus to the object will lead to mispronounce it. They will increase vocabularies of making new words by using theyll perceptual abilities. Appearance of phonological strategies As the children at age 2 1/2 , from the frequently practice and development on the phoneme in their language that are more accurate and rapidly. Child will use their systemic strategies to challenge difficult words. For some children they will use different way to pronounce the words on the complexity of the words. The range of languages is the children errors such as English, Cantonese, French and others. The conveying meaning is the complexity of language and the certain is important rate of phonological progress. For example, the child might say I turn instead of My turn. The children will greatly improve they pronunciation in the preschool years. The child will actively large responsible in problem-solving efforts and maturation in them in resistant to the phonological errors to adult. Later Phonological Development The phonological is complete by the age of 5 year old, the child will correct themselves of a new words that are hard to understand and difficult to pronounce. Semantic Development Child can produce about 50 words at the age of 18 months. The children comprehension is from the understanding of language and to pronounce from the language they used. From the communication the child can recall memory and recognize new words by picking up more new words. For example, child can follow simple instruction such as Throw this into the dustbin or Go to sleep now. The Early Phase Children are learning based on the labeling and modeling by their parent from the object and events. The early word learning is by emotion influences. By the age of 1 1/2 , to divert the attention of the child to learn they will listen carefully and with strong emotion in better learning of words. For example, the child able to express themselves when there are happy, sad and mad. For toddlers, they will wider their experiences in the object and events to remember such as their will know to mention places like house or store and to mention themselves as mine, me and their own names well. The fast mapping will cause in the process as the children connected to a new words in a real world. For example, when they see a fish, theyll say See is a fish. Fish lives in water. Most children will have their own referential style to refer to the objects in their vocabularies. There also some children who use an expressive style which using more on the social formulas and pronouns. For example, the child will use of words like You wanna play? or bye-bye. Children will often underextension of using too many words or errors. For example, a 2 years old child, use of words of doggie as the furry animal with four legs. On the other errors is overextension that the child used it to refer to more object. For example, will use of words bus, when they saw a lorry, truck and fire engines. Later Semantic Development The children will expand their vocabulary about 400000 words in the primary school from the start to end. Their will start to use more complex words like weapon or equipment. The children will become reflective and analytical knowledge in understanding more definitions or meaning of words includes riddles and humour. Their will improve more on the language as become adolescence by using the words e.g. The children will use complex words like sophisticated or enthusiasms. How semantic development takes place The toddles best learning is that, they receive feedback from the adult but the adult cant always be there to correct each word picked from the child as according the researcher. For example, the parent will point to the bird and teach the child to say bird, when they saw a furry, with two wings animal. The child will need their cognitive process to support them. The influence of memory By using the phonological store, the children fast mapping is supported by the special part of working memory so they can hold the speed-based information. The child using more often nonsense words, there is higher phonological memory skills increase in the present vocabulary and the growth over year. In this concept is able for the child (2 years old) to have good phonological memory transfer new words to the long-term memory to connect with the new concept such as when giving one or two words they can recognize by the initial sounds. From this early development will link to the advance of the phonological memory of the advance vocabulary development for other tasks such as language task include comprehension longer and complex words. The child will keep learning new words and they will rely on the difficult words to detect the new words meaning. For instance, tig or tiger and but or butterfly. Strategies for word learning Children will figure out the meaning by themselves using contrasting word they know and assign it in their new vocabulary gap. For example, when the child got to learn a new object such as square, then master the object by more names like cube or box. Beside children will assign the preliminary meaning and to match the words to conventional use in their language. For instance, when the children know the basic word (bird), they will add names like parrot, crow at the hierarchical level. In this process is not fully understand, the vocabulary growth of the child is by the mutual exclusivity bias which is the referring that the words are by categories and separate (nonoverlapping) entirely. For example, child can refer to the object to categories it belongs, such as a dog is a pet, a mammal and animal). Child mostly refer to the object in well-organize shape. The shape bias is clearly shows they learn the noun based on shape and the attention of the additional shape in the object. The toddlers readily to master more objects name by shape and vocabulary accelerates when they go to preschool to learn more new words and language skills. For example, a shape heart, can be label as love and red color. The child will discover a lot new word from the preschool by observing the used in words or restructure of sentence through syntax which knows as syntactic boostrapping. For example, This is chilli will used the new word to adjective the for a familiar object ( chili) refers to the object and they will used syntactic information generalized and refine the words to other categories like Is red as a chilli. Through the frequent information from the adult is providing advantages of social information to the children. The children will be informed by the adult about meaning of words directly. Is the parent to highlight the meaning adjective and label information to the children of object property saying of words. The adult will use one or two words to explain to the child, e.g. You can call this flower but is better if you say tulip'. The children will growth more if the parent clarify and provide information of vocabularies. Explaining vocabulary development Children will have they own ability to induce words meaning by using mutual exclusivity and syntactic boostrapping, by some theories. This is not sufficient to account to the flexibility to the child. Too many differents word-learning strategies cant learn by child due to used in different language. For example, English-speaking child telling different between object, This is marble, by multiple objects which same Those are marbles and the proper name is This is marble. The alternative of vocabulary growth is another perspective cognitive strategies in children by apply nonlinguistic stimuli. The propose children had the word-learning strategies emerge out of the effort decipher language is called emergentist coalition model. The coalition of the children is through perceptual, social and linguistic important in the swift of the age. For example, the infant will respond to the parent when the parent using a toy to play with them. They will have sensitivity and perceptual towards the toy and in social cues, they will have attention to the gaze and gesture in them. The major role plays in language will develop in linguistic cues like syntax and intonation. Grammatical development Children (18 to 24 months) will use two to three words sentence. They will use telegraphic speech to express themselves that is high-content words, less important ones. In the earlier combination they did follow of the consistence grammar. Refining and generalizing structure is rules using by the children to process two to three words. For example, 2years old child, will say I do it instead of I can do it by myself. To express variety meaning children will use utterances two-three words like adultlike by the children over the world. Children will use the same construction words to express different composition. E.g. children will say Mommy milk, when he is hungry and the mother will give them milk. Due to the limitation of the memory they cant produce a long sentence. From simple sentence to complex grammar Children can produce complex sentence by the age of 3. They start to create sentence by using adjectives, nouns, verbs, article and prepositional phrases. For example, the child will say, He is the boy, who chasing by the dog. At the preschool the children will refine and generalize the grammatical forms. Development of Grammatical Morphemes Grammatical morphemes are structural and semantic complexity is consisting reflects to the English-speaking child. Children will add morphemes like -s, -ing, or -ed to form plurals, present and past tenses. There are two important roles in morphemes, structural complexity that using by the child. E.g. By adding the ending -s or -ing. The child will express correct tense such as I am a student versus They are student the second semantic complexity. Overregularization is regular morphemes rule for the child extent the words that is exceptions the type in errors. For instance, My bag is heavy and We each have two eyes when the child is 2 to 3 years old. Children will have inconsistent patented when hear irregular forms from the adults and they will have irregular morphemes fails on the -ed rule that lead to overregulariazation result. Development of complex Grammatical Forms As the child have master the auxiliary verb, that will lead them to new expressions. Negatives, the learning of negation there are three types : Non-existence, is something that absence remarks for the child. E.g. No sound Is spoiled. Rejection, the child will expresses opposite. E.g. Dont play Denial, denies truthfulness in something by the child. E.g. That not my blanket This is the parental speech causes the early construction in imitation. When the parent tried to express the rejection or non-existence, they will start by no at the sentence: E.g. No, you didnt turn it on the sound. The child will add more auxiliary verb by the age of 3. Question, is the first appear at the preschool years and it an order sequence. Child start their sentence -wh question such as begin with where, which, what, who, why, when and how. For example, What is that?, Where is that. The caregiver will correct the child expression when the sometimes the child have error in auxiliary verbs. Other complex constructions Children will produce a complex construction by using more grammatical structure sentence to increase conforms of rules. First the children will whole sentences, e.g. Dad lets to the shop and we buy some snack to home. The embedded sentence will be produce by the child later on such as (I think he will join us), tag question (Ann wont be coming, isnt she?) and passive sentences (The cat was chasing by the dog). Later Grammatical Development When the children go to school they will improve the master of complex construction such as to produce more passive statements. Child will use full passive voice and statement during the middle childhood and adolescence. For example, (Is no sold out or Is not available) full passive (The cracker is finish by Daddy). Infinitive phrases, is another advance understanding of grammatical achievement of the child to different in the sentence. Eg. Andy is happy to go to school or Andy is eager to go to school Ideas about How Grammatical Development Takes Place Strategies for Acquiring Grammar The basic grammatical regularities are the properties that the children rely on the language. Semantic bootstrapping is the word that the children use to figure out structure sentence. Children will group the words, agent qualities as subject and words action qualities as verbs. Children master grammar by the observation structures that believe by the others. Eg. Understand, think and believe and the basic activity and input. The Chomskys theory is the essence that believes by others theorists the idea of one that accepts is semantic bootstrapping but grammatical categories are innate. Child has special language-making capacity such as the discovery of the grammatical regularities by analyzing in the language they hear. Environmental support for Grammatical Development Adult will feedback to the children by two techniques and maybe used together, recasts, to correct by restructuring inaccurate speech and expansions, to increase complexity children speech by elaborating more. For instance, I gotted a book, the parent will respond, Yes, you got a new stories book. To clarify more questions to the children may encourage them to understand the correction of the grammar. Pragmatic Development Is the used in language to communicate interactive in social such as taking turns, stating of messages, staying in same topic, and to cultural rules. Acquiring conversational skills Children will make eye contact and take turn to interact in a conversation. Additional strategies such as turnabout, which is not only comment by the speaker but also required to request and respond to the partner again. Shading is the changing of topics and motif the discussion focus as a speaker. Illocutionary intent, the acts of speaking of the speaker when is form utterance not perfectly consistence. For example, when the child saying to his mother I am getting bored here, means I want to go home. This is to give the child how to communicate clearly, to express of narrative style which with skills and literacy development. The child will be able to communicate with their siblings such as twins, older siblings and parents that enable participated in exchange longer conversation. The young child will picking up more skills in listening to their sibling interaction such as using of I or you. E.g. I like blue color What is your favorite color? Communicating Clearly Children are using referential communication skills, that is effective in communicate effectively such as deliver clear conversation and clarify the message if is unclear to ask for more information. Child will depend on the situation and demand to interact in the situation such as when they are giving guideline to follow the instruction. For example, when they on the phone conversation they will listen carefully from the caller like Can I speak to your mother please? and therefore the child will ask the mother to answer the calls. Narratives The child will produce brief renditions to jump to another event when the child reaches at 4 years old, called leapfrog narrative. The child will produce chronological narrative such as the temporal sequence. For instance, We went stadium. Then we go to swimming. Later we when to cycling For the preschooler will to narratives evaluations like how and why of the comment events or their feeling and others people thoughts and intentions. Child will connect themselves the powerful actions and pretend props in this event. From this event, the child will master more in reading and comprehension and written development. Sociolinguistic understanding Children will be sensitive to the language adaption of social expectations that called as speech registers. Child will understand the different of the social position in stereotypic features such as dominant male roles, play-roles like teacher, doctor and etc. Meanwhile, for feminine roles likes mother, student with a soft spoken voice. Parents which teach them the voice tone. E.g. to say bye-bye, Hi, parents will teach the child to say please and thank you if the child fail to do appropriate. The parents will teach the child to adapt language style in social context when they turn to teenager. They will learn to be persuasive, well-organize and greater skills in effective communication skills and cognitive self-regulation. For instance, when the child grown up to start working, they use they communicate skills to interact with different level of people. (Luara E.Berk:Pg391)

Love and Hate Expressed by Characters in William Shakespeares Othello

Love and Hate Expressed by Characters in William Shakespeare's Othello In the play Othello, by William Shakespeare, different characters contribute to the development of particular themes. Three strong themes portrayed by the characters are of; misplaced trust, love vs. Hate and jealousy, and shattered innocence. The first theme of misplaced trust is clearly evident in most of all the characters that are manipulated by the depraved Iago. Roderigo is the first character to be entangled in his web of deception, whom I will focus on. Iago essentially uses Roderigo as a source of financial gain and a tool in extracting his revenge on the other characters. In Act I, Iago has him awaken Brabantio in order to spoil Othello's secret honeymoon with his daughter; "Call up her father. Rouse him, make after him, poison his delight."(1.1.69-70) Iago financially abuses Roderigo as well, consoling him constantly to "put money in thy purse," (1.3.335) therefore supporting Iago's expenditures, which are supposedly winning Desdemona's love for him. Only later in the play does Rod...

The Roswell Incident :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The people of the world have always had a mysterious belief that Earth wasn't the only planet in the universe that supported life. This belief dates back to ancient times when heavenly and demonic stories were told of gods who strode across the skies on their golden chariots. Tales as far fetched as Zeus who threw lightening bolts from his fingertips to stories as credible as the American Indian's Cachinas, who supposedly taught them to farm and saved them from numerous disasters. The Egyptians, who built their mammoth pyramids with only the use of man power, used hieroglyphics. These same hieroglyphics have been unofficially documented as being similar to symbols found on unidentified aircraft wreckage found in several incidences over the past fifty years (Montgomery 225-32, 236-37). Are these stories all mere coincidence? Some researchers think not and have continued to unveil new evidence that is believably true. Recently, new facts have been brought up on the most documented UFO (unidentified flying object) sighting of all time: the Roswell Incident.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Roswell Incident is a UFO crash that occurred at 11:30 p.m. on July 4th, 1947 in Roswell, New Mexico (Randal 10). Mac Brazel, a local New Mexico rancher, discovered a considerable amount of unusual debris while riding out on horseback early in the morning to check his sheep after a night of intense thunderstorms. He reported to Sheriff George Wilcox after driving into Roswell, that the aircraft had created a shallow gouge several hundred feet long and was scattered over a large area. Sheriff Wilcox then notified authorities at the Roswell Army Air Field and with the assistance of his deputies, proceeded to investigate the matter. Shortly after the 509th Bomb Group arrived from their station 35 miles away (Walker 38), they closed off the area for a number of days and retrieved the wreckage. The debris was initially taken to Roswell Army Air Field and eventually flown to Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio (Jeffrey). Before the military could intervene, the event had already been witnessed by more than one-hundred people. Local police, fire squad, and curious members of the Roswell community make up these people. A lot of them were part of the initial recovery team and are now telling their stories that have been bottled up for nearly a half of a century (Randal 11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to one unnamed witness of the Roswell recovery team,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The crash site was littered with pieces of the aircraft. Something about the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  size of a fighter plane had crashed, the metal was unlike anything I'd ever seen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  before. I picked up a piece the size of a car fender with one hand, it couldn't have